所有格代名詞是所有格的變形，用作代名詞以表示所有物
我的 my --> mine
你/你們的 your --> yours
他的 his --> his
她的 her --> hers
它/牠的 its --> its
我們的 our --> ours
他們的 their --> theirs
1. 所有格代名詞用以代替《 人稱代名詞所有格 + 名詞 》以避免重複
mine = my+名詞 / yours = your+名詞 / his = his+名詞
hers = her+名詞 / its = its+名詞 / ours = our+名詞 / theirs = their+名詞
2. 所有格代名詞後面不可接名詞
This pen is mine. --> O / This pen is my. --> X / This is mine pen. --> X
His hat is old, but hers is new. -他的帽子是舊的，但她的是新的。
My shoes are newer than yours. -我的鞋子比你的新。
3. 所有格代名詞單複數同形
This book is mine. --> 單數
These books are mine. --> 複數
4. 所有格代名詞的主格和受格同形
Yours is better than ours. --> yours和ours都是主格
I like yours. --> yours是受格
2007年1月25日 星期四
現在完成式
Δ 現在完成式：have / has + 過去分詞
用以表示截至現在為止與現在有關的動作或狀態。
（一）用以表示截至現在為止的動作的完成。
I have finished my work. 我已經完成我的工作了。
Have you eatem breakfast? 你吃過早餐了嗎？
-Yes, I have. -No, I haven't.
Has he read this book? 他讀過這本書了嗎？
-Yes, he has. -No, he hasn't.
He has gone to the United Atates. 他到美國去了。
（二）用以表示從過去繼續到現在的動作或狀態。
I have lived here for ten years. 我住在這裡十年了。
We have know him since ten yaers ago. 從十年前我們就認識他了。
John has been ill for two days. John生病兩天了。
He has eaten nothing since yesterday morning. 他從昨天早上到現在都沒吃東西。
We have studied English these two year. 這兩年我們學了英文。
How long have you been here? 你在這裡多久了？
I haven't seen her for a long time. 我好久沒見過她了。
He has lived there since he was born. 他從出生就住在這裡了。
（三）用以截至現在為止的經驗。
I have met him once. 我見過他一次。
He has visited me several times. 他拜訪過我幾次。
Have you ever seen a tiger? 你曾經見過老虎嗎？
-Yes, I have. -No, I haven't.
Have you ever been in Hong Kong before? 你以前曾經住過香港嗎？
-Yes, I have. -No, I've never been in Hong Kong.
Has he ever been to Japan? 他曾經住過日本嗎？
-Yes, he has often been to Japan. He has been there many times.
用以表示截至現在為止與現在有關的動作或狀態。
（一）用以表示截至現在為止的動作的完成。
I have finished my work. 我已經完成我的工作了。
Have you eatem breakfast? 你吃過早餐了嗎？
-Yes, I have. -No, I haven't.
Has he read this book? 他讀過這本書了嗎？
-Yes, he has. -No, he hasn't.
He has gone to the United Atates. 他到美國去了。
（二）用以表示從過去繼續到現在的動作或狀態。
I have lived here for ten years. 我住在這裡十年了。
We have know him since ten yaers ago. 從十年前我們就認識他了。
John has been ill for two days. John生病兩天了。
He has eaten nothing since yesterday morning. 他從昨天早上到現在都沒吃東西。
We have studied English these two year. 這兩年我們學了英文。
How long have you been here? 你在這裡多久了？
I haven't seen her for a long time. 我好久沒見過她了。
He has lived there since he was born. 他從出生就住在這裡了。
（三）用以截至現在為止的經驗。
I have met him once. 我見過他一次。
He has visited me several times. 他拜訪過我幾次。
Have you ever seen a tiger? 你曾經見過老虎嗎？
-Yes, I have. -No, I haven't.
Have you ever been in Hong Kong before? 你以前曾經住過香港嗎？
-Yes, I have. -No, I've never been in Hong Kong.
Has he ever been to Japan? 他曾經住過日本嗎？
-Yes, he has often been to Japan. He has been there many times.
表示地方的介系詞 - 番外篇下
< between - 在兩者之間 >
He stood between the two boys.
-他站在兩個男孩之間。
< among - 在三者以上之間 >
He was among the crowd.
-他在人群中。
John is the tallest among the three boys.
-John是三個男孩中最高的。
< in - 在裡面 >
He was in the room.
-他在室內。
< into - 入 >
They went into the house.
-他們走進屋裡。
put into 放入 / throw into 投入 / jump into 跳入
change into 變為 / run into 撞上、碰見
< out of - 出，在∼外 >
He went out of the room.
-他走出在室外。
< inside - 在∼裡面 >
Is your school inside the city?
-你的學校在市區內嗎？
< outside - 在∼外面 >
No, it's outside the city.
-不，它在市區外。
< along - 沿著 >
We walked along the street.
-我們沿著街道走。
< across - 越過、在...另一邊 >
The boy went across the street.
-男孩穿越馬路。
There is a post office across the street.
-在對街有一間郵局。
< past - 經過 >
I went past John's house.
-我走經過John的家。
< through - 穿過 >
The dog ran into the room through the window.
-狗穿過窗戶跑進室內。
< against - 面對、倚靠 >
He put the ladder against the wall.
-他把梯子倚靠著牆放。
< opposite - 在∼對面 >
His house is opposite the bank.
-他的房子在銀行對面。
< on - 相接觸 >
He stood on the floor with his hat on his head.
-他站在地板上，頭上戴著帽子。
put on 穿上、戴上 / turn on 扭開 / get on 上巴士、火車
< off - 離開 >
Take off your shoes, please.
-請脫鞋。
Keep off the grass.
-離開草地。
take off 脫衣帽 / turn off 關掉 / get off 下巴士、火車
< from - 從、自（表示起點）>
How far is it from Taipei to Kaohsiung?
-從台北到高雄有多遠？
< to - 至、向（表示方向或目的地）>
Open it to page 118.
-把它翻到118頁。
go to 前往 / get to 到達
< toward - 向（表示運動的方向）>
We walked toward the gate.
-我們向大門走去。
< for - 往（表示目的地）>
He will leave for Japan today.
-今天他將前往日本。
start for 動身前往 / sail for 駛往
He stood between the two boys.
-他站在兩個男孩之間。
< among - 在三者以上之間 >
He was among the crowd.
-他在人群中。
John is the tallest among the three boys.
-John是三個男孩中最高的。
< in - 在裡面 >
He was in the room.
-他在室內。
< into - 入 >
They went into the house.
-他們走進屋裡。
put into 放入 / throw into 投入 / jump into 跳入
change into 變為 / run into 撞上、碰見
< out of - 出，在∼外 >
He went out of the room.
-他走出在室外。
< inside - 在∼裡面 >
Is your school inside the city?
-你的學校在市區內嗎？
< outside - 在∼外面 >
No, it's outside the city.
-不，它在市區外。
< along - 沿著 >
We walked along the street.
-我們沿著街道走。
< across - 越過、在...另一邊 >
The boy went across the street.
-男孩穿越馬路。
There is a post office across the street.
-在對街有一間郵局。
< past - 經過 >
I went past John's house.
-我走經過John的家。
< through - 穿過 >
The dog ran into the room through the window.
-狗穿過窗戶跑進室內。
< against - 面對、倚靠 >
He put the ladder against the wall.
-他把梯子倚靠著牆放。
< opposite - 在∼對面 >
His house is opposite the bank.
-他的房子在銀行對面。
< on - 相接觸 >
He stood on the floor with his hat on his head.
-他站在地板上，頭上戴著帽子。
put on 穿上、戴上 / turn on 扭開 / get on 上巴士、火車
< off - 離開 >
Take off your shoes, please.
-請脫鞋。
Keep off the grass.
-離開草地。
take off 脫衣帽 / turn off 關掉 / get off 下巴士、火車
< from - 從、自（表示起點）>
How far is it from Taipei to Kaohsiung?
-從台北到高雄有多遠？
< to - 至、向（表示方向或目的地）>
Open it to page 118.
-把它翻到118頁。
go to 前往 / get to 到達
< toward - 向（表示運動的方向）>
We walked toward the gate.
-我們向大門走去。
< for - 往（表示目的地）>
He will leave for Japan today.
-今天他將前往日本。
start for 動身前往 / sail for 駛往
表示地方的介系詞 - 番外篇上
< above - 在上（表示高）>
The sun is rising above the mountain.
-太陽正在山上升起。
< below - 在下（表示低）>
Shall I write mt name on, above, or below the line?
-我應該把名字寫在線上、線的上面、還是線的下面？
< Over - 越過、在上（表示在頭頂上）、遍於∼之上>
There is a bridge over the river.
-有一座橋橫過河上。
Come over here.
-過來這邊。
all over the world 遍及世界各地
run over 輾過 / take over 接替 / think over 仔細考慮
< under - 在下（直下的位置）>
We sat under the tree.
-我們坐在樹下。
< up - 向上 >
I ran up the hill.
-我跑上山。
< down - 向下 >
The ship sailed down the river.
-船向下游行駛。
< beside - 在∼旁邊 >
Come and sit beside me.
-來坐在我旁邊。
< by - 在∼旁邊 >
We had a day by the sea.
-我們在海邊過了一天。
< near - 附近 >
He lives near the park.
-他住在公園附近。
< before - 在∼前面 = in front of >
He was walking before me.
-他在我前面走著。
< behind - 在∼後面 = at the back of >
There are some trees behind the house.
-房子後面有幾棵樹。
< round - 繞∼而行 >
The earth goes round the sun.
-地球繞太陽而行。
< around - 在∼周圍 >
We sat around the fire.
-我們圍爐而坐。
The sun is rising above the mountain.
-太陽正在山上升起。
< below - 在下（表示低）>
Shall I write mt name on, above, or below the line?
-我應該把名字寫在線上、線的上面、還是線的下面？
< Over - 越過、在上（表示在頭頂上）、遍於∼之上>
There is a bridge over the river.
-有一座橋橫過河上。
Come over here.
-過來這邊。
all over the world 遍及世界各地
run over 輾過 / take over 接替 / think over 仔細考慮
< under - 在下（直下的位置）>
We sat under the tree.
-我們坐在樹下。
< up - 向上 >
I ran up the hill.
-我跑上山。
< down - 向下 >
The ship sailed down the river.
-船向下游行駛。
< beside - 在∼旁邊 >
Come and sit beside me.
-來坐在我旁邊。
< by - 在∼旁邊 >
We had a day by the sea.
-我們在海邊過了一天。
< near - 附近 >
He lives near the park.
-他住在公園附近。
< before - 在∼前面 = in front of >
He was walking before me.
-他在我前面走著。
< behind - 在∼後面 = at the back of >
There are some trees behind the house.
-房子後面有幾棵樹。
< round - 繞∼而行 >
The earth goes round the sun.
-地球繞太陽而行。
< around - 在∼周圍 >
We sat around the fire.
-我們圍爐而坐。
表示地方的介系詞 - on
< on - 在∼上、在∼街、在∼路 >
on the desk 在書桌上 / on the sofa 在沙發上
on the chair 在椅子上 / on a rope 在繩子上
on the blackboard 在黑板上 / on the wall 在牆上
on the ground 在地上 / on the floor 在地板上
on the second floor 在二樓 / on the shoulder 在肩上
on the street 在街道上 / on the highway 在公路上
on the way to 在往∼的路上 / on the corner 在街角上
on the other side of the city 在城市的另一邊
on Park Street 在公園街 / on Chung Shan Road 在中山路
on the same street 在同條街上
on the farm / on the island 在島上
on land 在陸地上 / on earth 在地球上
on the moon 在月球上 / on its surface 在它的表面上
on the water 在水上 / on the sea 在海上
on the right 在右邊 / on the left 在左邊
on the bus 在公車上 / on the train 在火車上
cheek on 檢查 / call on 訪問
get on 上公車、火車 / have ~ on 穿著、帶著
put on 穿上、戴上
on the desk 在書桌上 / on the sofa 在沙發上
on the chair 在椅子上 / on a rope 在繩子上
on the blackboard 在黑板上 / on the wall 在牆上
on the ground 在地上 / on the floor 在地板上
on the second floor 在二樓 / on the shoulder 在肩上
on the street 在街道上 / on the highway 在公路上
on the way to 在往∼的路上 / on the corner 在街角上
on the other side of the city 在城市的另一邊
on Park Street 在公園街 / on Chung Shan Road 在中山路
on the same street 在同條街上
on the farm / on the island 在島上
on land 在陸地上 / on earth 在地球上
on the moon 在月球上 / on its surface 在它的表面上
on the water 在水上 / on the sea 在海上
on the right 在右邊 / on the left 在左邊
on the bus 在公車上 / on the train 在火車上
cheek on 檢查 / call on 訪問
get on 上公車、火車 / have ~ on 穿著、帶著
put on 穿上、戴上
表示地方的介系詞 - in
< in - 用於較大的地方之前、用於表示在∼裡面 >
in Taipei 在台北 / in New York 在紐約
in China 在中國 / In Japan 在日本
in the hand 在手裡 / in the bottle 在瓶子裡
in the box 在盒子裡 / in the room 在室內
in the house 在屋裡 / in the class 在班上
in the classroom 在教室裡 / in the car 在汽車裡
in the airplane 在飛機裡 / in the nest 在巢裡
in the tree 在樹上 / in the forest 在森林裡
in the air/sky 在空中 / in the water 在水裡
in the river 在河裡 / in the dark 在黑暗中
in the wind 在風中 / in the rain 在雨中
in storm 在暴風雨中
in the city 在市內 / in the country 在國內、在鄉下
in the world 在世界上
in the office 在辦公室裡 / in the post office 在郵局裡
in the library 在圖書館裡 / in the hospital 在醫院裡
in the park 在公園裡 / in the garden 在花園裡
in the airport 在機場裡
in that place 在那個地方 / in the same place 在同個地方
in each place 在各個地方 / in many ways 在許多方面
in the east/west/south/north 在東、西、南、北方
in the street 在街道上 / in the other direction 在另一方向
in bed 在床上 / in class 上課中
in school 上學 / in college 上大學
in town 在鎮上
get in 上汽車 / fail in 在∼失敗
succeed in 在∼成功 / be interested in 對∼感興趣
in Taipei 在台北 / in New York 在紐約
in China 在中國 / In Japan 在日本
in the hand 在手裡 / in the bottle 在瓶子裡
in the box 在盒子裡 / in the room 在室內
in the house 在屋裡 / in the class 在班上
in the classroom 在教室裡 / in the car 在汽車裡
in the airplane 在飛機裡 / in the nest 在巢裡
in the tree 在樹上 / in the forest 在森林裡
in the air/sky 在空中 / in the water 在水裡
in the river 在河裡 / in the dark 在黑暗中
in the wind 在風中 / in the rain 在雨中
in storm 在暴風雨中
in the city 在市內 / in the country 在國內、在鄉下
in the world 在世界上
in the office 在辦公室裡 / in the post office 在郵局裡
in the library 在圖書館裡 / in the hospital 在醫院裡
in the park 在公園裡 / in the garden 在花園裡
in the airport 在機場裡
in that place 在那個地方 / in the same place 在同個地方
in each place 在各個地方 / in many ways 在許多方面
in the east/west/south/north 在東、西、南、北方
in the street 在街道上 / in the other direction 在另一方向
in bed 在床上 / in class 上課中
in school 上學 / in college 上大學
in town 在鎮上
get in 上汽車 / fail in 在∼失敗
succeed in 在∼成功 / be interested in 對∼感興趣
表示地方的介系詞 - at
< at - 用於一地點或較小的地方之前 >
at the door 在門口 / at the party 在派對中
at a bus stop 在公車站 / at the station 在車站
at the library 在圖書館 / at the theater 在戲院
at my uncle's house 在我的伯父家 / at Helen's 在Helen家
at that address 在那個地址 / at 14 Park Street 在公園街14號
at the side of 在∼旁邊 / at the foot of 在∼底部
at the back of 在∼後面 / at the corner 在轉角處
laugh at 嘲笑 / look at 注視
have a look at 看一下 / be good at 擅長
at home 在家 / at school 在學校
at the door 在門口 / at the party 在派對中
at a bus stop 在公車站 / at the station 在車站
at the library 在圖書館 / at the theater 在戲院
at my uncle's house 在我的伯父家 / at Helen's 在Helen家
at that address 在那個地址 / at 14 Park Street 在公園街14號
at the side of 在∼旁邊 / at the foot of 在∼底部
at the back of 在∼後面 / at the corner 在轉角處
laugh at 嘲笑 / look at 注視
have a look at 看一下 / be good at 擅長
at home 在家 / at school 在學校
動詞三態變化 - ABC型
begin - began - begun 開始
drink - drank - drunk 喝
ring - rang - rung 鈴響
sing - sang - sung 唱
sink - sank - sunk 沈
swim - swam - swum 游泳
break - broke - broken 破壞
speak - spoke - spoken 說話
steal - stole - stolen ?
freeze - froze - frozen 冰凍
choose - chose - chosen 選擇
hide - hid - hidden 躲藏
bite - bit - bitten 咬
bear - bore - born 生
tear - tore - torn 撕
wear - wore - worn 穿戴
drive - drove - driven 駕駛
ride - rode - ridden 騎乘
rise - rose - risen 舉、升
write - wrote - written 寫
take - took - taken 拿
mistake - mistook - mistaken 誤會
shake - shook - shaken 搖、揮
know - knew - known 知道
grow - grew - grown 生長
throw - threw - thrown 丟、投
draw - drew - drawn 畫
fly - flew - flown 飛
blow - blew - blown 吹
do - did - done 做
eat - ate - eaten 吃
fall - fell - fallen 落下
give - gave - given 給
go - went - gone 去
lie - lay - lain 躺
see - saw - seen 看
show - showed - shown 展式
forget - forgot - forgotten 忘記
am/is - was - been 是
are - were - been 是
drink - drank - drunk 喝
ring - rang - rung 鈴響
sing - sang - sung 唱
sink - sank - sunk 沈
swim - swam - swum 游泳
break - broke - broken 破壞
speak - spoke - spoken 說話
steal - stole - stolen ?
freeze - froze - frozen 冰凍
choose - chose - chosen 選擇
hide - hid - hidden 躲藏
bite - bit - bitten 咬
bear - bore - born 生
tear - tore - torn 撕
wear - wore - worn 穿戴
drive - drove - driven 駕駛
ride - rode - ridden 騎乘
rise - rose - risen 舉、升
write - wrote - written 寫
take - took - taken 拿
mistake - mistook - mistaken 誤會
shake - shook - shaken 搖、揮
know - knew - known 知道
grow - grew - grown 生長
throw - threw - thrown 丟、投
draw - drew - drawn 畫
fly - flew - flown 飛
blow - blew - blown 吹
do - did - done 做
eat - ate - eaten 吃
fall - fell - fallen 落下
give - gave - given 給
go - went - gone 去
lie - lay - lain 躺
see - saw - seen 看
show - showed - shown 展式
forget - forgot - forgotten 忘記
am/is - was - been 是
are - were - been 是
動詞三態變化 - ABB型
say - said - said 說
lay - laid - laid 生蛋
pay - paid - paid 付款
sell - sold - sold 賣
tell - told - told 告訴
catch - caught - caught 捕
teach - taught - taught 教
buy - bought - bought 買
bring - brought - brought 帶來
think - thought - thought 想
have/has - had - had 有
hear - heard - heard 聽
make - made - made 做
build - built - built 建造
lend - lent - lent 借
send - sent - sent 寄
spend - spent - spent 花費
sit - sat - sat 坐
get - got - got 得
lose - lost - lost 失去、輸
win - won - won 贏
smell - smelt - smelt 聞
hold - held - held 握
meet - met - met 遇見
feed - fed - fed 餵
feel - felt - felt 感覺
keep - kept - kept 保持
sleep - slept - slept 睡
lead - led - led 領導
leave - left - left 離開
mean - meant - meant 意指
stand - stood - stood 站立
understand - understood - understood 了解
find - found - found 發現
hang - hung - hung 掛
strike - struck - struck 打擊
lay - laid - laid 生蛋
pay - paid - paid 付款
sell - sold - sold 賣
tell - told - told 告訴
catch - caught - caught 捕
teach - taught - taught 教
buy - bought - bought 買
bring - brought - brought 帶來
think - thought - thought 想
have/has - had - had 有
hear - heard - heard 聽
make - made - made 做
build - built - built 建造
lend - lent - lent 借
send - sent - sent 寄
spend - spent - spent 花費
sit - sat - sat 坐
get - got - got 得
lose - lost - lost 失去、輸
win - won - won 贏
smell - smelt - smelt 聞
hold - held - held 握
meet - met - met 遇見
feed - fed - fed 餵
feel - felt - felt 感覺
keep - kept - kept 保持
sleep - slept - slept 睡
lead - led - led 領導
leave - left - left 離開
mean - meant - meant 意指
stand - stood - stood 站立
understand - understood - understood 了解
find - found - found 發現
hang - hung - hung 掛
strike - struck - struck 打擊
動詞三態變化 - AAA型
cost - cost - cost 花費
cut - cut - cut 切、割
hit - hit - hit 擊、打
hurt - hurt - hurt 傷害
burst - burst - burst 突發
let - let - let 讓
read - read - read 閱讀
set - set - set 設置
shut - shut - shut 關
upset - upset - upset 煩惱
cut - cut - cut 切、割
hit - hit - hit 擊、打
hurt - hurt - hurt 傷害
burst - burst - burst 突發
let - let - let 讓
read - read - read 閱讀
set - set - set 設置
shut - shut - shut 關
upset - upset - upset 煩惱
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